龙舌兰属(学名:Agave L.)是隶属于天门冬科的一属,约300多种,多年生常绿开花植物。分布于美洲,喜温暖气候。茎短,叶多硬质,排列成莲座形,边缘锯齿状。开花时花序从生长点伸出,花后开花的莲座会枯萎死亡,但花序上及莲座底部的吸芽可作为母株生命的延续。外观类似阿福花科的芦荟,但两者的亲缘关系并不相近。
简介龙舌兰属(Aga ve)多肉植物约有300个原始种,还有大量的同艺品种、杂交种、栽培变种。植株无茎或具短茎。肉质叶旋叠于茎基,呈莲座状排列,大多数种类植株中心的几片幼叶并在一起,呈圆锥状;叶片依品种的不同有狭长呈舟形、剑形、三角形、针形、线形等,叶尖端有尖锐的利刺,叶缘有硬齿刺;叶色有绿、蓝、灰绿等,有些品种叶面上还被有白粉和美丽的斑纹。花为圆锥花序或伞形花序,花梗粗壮,高达数米,雌雄同株,经异花授粉后可结蒴果;大多数品种的龙舌兰一生只开一次花,通常在生长8- 25年后才能开花,花后植株逐渐枯萎死亡;有些种类砍去花箭后,虽然植株不会死亡,但生长点已经没有,植株不再长大,只会不断地出侧芽。
龙舌兰属为夏型种多肉植物,喜温暖干燥和阳光充足的环境,耐干旱和半阴,不耐寒冷,但要有良好的通风。长期在光线不足处栽培的植株不要突然移到烈日下曝晒,以免强光灼伤叶片;应在半阴处养护一个阶段,再移至阳光充足处,让其逐渐适应环境的变化。冬季保持土壤干燥,使植株休眠,能耐0℃左右的低温若温度过低,会使叶片背面不断析出液体,稍后大面积溃烂,最后叶片干瘪。
生长期保持土壤湿润而不积水,以免因水大造成烂根。不过,也不宜过于干旱,否则植株虽不会死亡,但生长缓慢,甚至停止,叶色黯淡无光泽。每10-15天施一次以“磷钾肥”为主的稀薄液肥;也可在土壤中掺人少量的缓效肥料,以满足生长的需要。深秋以后要减少浇水,停止施肥,以促使植株生长充实。有利于越冬。龙舌兰类植物的叶片肥厚,有些品种叶面还有一层白粉或蜡质层,可以有效地保持水分,因此对空气湿度的要求并不是太严格,在空气较为干燥的环境中也能正常生长。虽然如此,但大部分品种的龙舌兰在空气湿润的环境中生长更好,新栽的植株发根也快。为此,在生长季节可经常向植株喷水,以增加空气湿度,但叶面不宜长时间存水,以免造成腐烂。
盆土要求有一定的颗粒度,具有良好的排水透气性,常用腐叶土、粗沙、炉渣和骨粉、贝壳粉等石灰质材料混合配制。
繁殖可用播种、分株、扦插等方法1。
形态特征多年生植物。无茎或有极短的茎。叶呈莲座式排列,大而肥厚,肉质或稍带木质,边缘常有刺或偶而无刺,顶端常有硬尖刺。花茎粗壮高大,具分枝;花通常排列成大型稠密的顶生穗状花序或圆锥花序,有些种类每年或隔年开花一次,另一些种类只开花结果一次,开花后便死亡;花被管短,花被裂片6,狭而相似;雄蕊6,着生于花被管喉部或管内;花丝细长,常伸出于花被外,花药丁字形着生;子房下位,3室,每室有胚珠多数,花柱线形,柱头3裂。蒴果长椭圆形,室背3瓣开裂;种子多数,薄而扁平,黑色。细胞染色体基数x=30。
分布范围原产西半球干旱和半干旱的热带地区,尤以墨西哥的种类最多。广东、福建和云南有逸生。
龙舌兰属植物龙舌兰多年生常绿草本。茎粗短,叶多片呈莲座状着生茎上,叶片肥厚,匙状倒披针形,灰绿色,具白粉,叶的长宽视植物年龄及土质肥瘦而异,长100~180cm,宽15~20cm,先端渐尖,顶部具褐色硬尖刺,刺1.5~2.5cm,叶缘有波状锯齿,齿端向下弯钩。花葶粗壮直立,高5m左右上端为狭长多分枝的圆锥花序,花长约10cm,径约6cm,花被6裂,基部合生,肉质,淡黄白色,雄蕊6,着生于花被喉部,花丝细长,伸出花被外,花药丁字着生,子房下位,圆柱形,3室,花柱锥状。蒴果长圆形,长约5cm,宽约3cm。顶端开裂,种子多数。花期7~8月,果期9~10月。通常须生长10年后才开始开花结果2。
物种分类龙舌兰属约有200个物种。
Agave acicularis Trel.
Agave acklinicola Trel.
Agave × ajoensis W.C. odgs.
Agave aktites Gentry
Agave albescens Trel.
Agave albomarginata Gentry
Agave albopilosa I.Cabral, Villarreal & A.E.Estrada
Agave aloides Jacobi
Agave americana L.
Agave angustiarum Trel.
Agave angustissima Engelm.
Agave anomala Trel.
Agave antillarum Descourt.
Agave applanata Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave arcedianoensis Cházaro, O.M.Valencia & A.Vázquez
Agave × arizonica Gentry & J. .Weber
Agave arubensis ummelinck
Agave asperrima Jacobi
Agave a virens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck
Agave attenuata Salm-Dyck
Agave aurea Brandegee
Agave avellanidens Trel.
Agave bahamana Trel.
Agave banlan Perr.
Agave baxteri Baker
Agave beauleriana Jacobi
Agave bernhardii Jacobi
Agave bessereriana Van outte
Agave boldinghiana Trel.
Agave bovicornuta Gentry
Agave braceana Trel.
Agave bracteosa S.Watson ex Engelm.
Agave brevipetala Trel.
Agave brevispina Trel.
Agave brittoniana Trel.
Agave cacozela Trel.
Agave cajalbanensis A.Álvarez
Agave calderonii Trel.
Agave calodonta A.Berger
Agave cantala ( aw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck
Agave cantala Roxb.
Agave capensis Gentry
Agave caribaeicola Trel.
Agave × cavanillesii D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave cerulata Trel.
Agave chazaroi A.Vázquez & O.M.Valencia
Agave chiapensis Jacobi
Agave chrysantha Peebles
Agave chrysoglossa I.M.Johnst.
Agave cocui Trel.
Agave collina Greenm.
Agave colorata Gentry
Agave concinna Lem.
Agave congesta Gentry
Agave cookei Woodrow
Agave cucullata Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave cundinamarcensis A.Berger
Agave cupreata Trel. & A.Berger
Agave dasylirioides Jacobi & Bouch.
Agave datylio F.A.C.Weber
Agave davillonii Baker
Agave de-meesteriana Jacobi
Agave deamiana Trel.
Agave decaisneana Jacobi
Agave decipiens Baker
Agave delamateri W.C. odgs. & Slauson
Agave deserti Engelm.
Agave desmettiana Jacobi
Agave diacantha Royle
Agave difformis A.Berger
Agave durangensis Gentry
Agave dussiana Trel.
Agave eggersiana Trel.
Agave ehrenbergii Jacobi
Agave elizae A.Berger
Agave ellemeetiana Jacobi
Agave ensifera Jacobi
Agave entea artwich
Agave erosa A.Berger
Agave erubescens Ellemeet
Agave evadens Trel.
Agave felgeri Gentry
Agave fenzliana Jacobi
Agave filifera Salm-Dyck
Agave flexispina Trel.
Agave fortiflora Gentry
Agave fourcroydes Lem.
Agave fragrantissima Jacq.
Agave franzosini Baker
Agave fridericii A.Berger
Agave funkiana K.Koch & C.D.Bouché
Agave galeottii Baker
Agave garciae-mendozae Galván & L. ern.
Agave geminiflora (Tagl.) Ker Gawl.
Agave gentryi B.Ullrich
Agave ghiesbreghtii Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave gigantensis Gentry
Agave gilbertii A.Berger
Agave glabra Karw.
Agave glaucescens Otto
Agave × glomeruliflora (Engelm.) A.Berger
Agave goeppertiana Jacobi
Agave gonzaloi D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave gracilipes Trel.
Agave grandibracteata .Ross
Agave granulosa Scheidw.
Agave grisea Trel.
Agave guadalajarana Trel.
Agave guedeneyrii oullet
Agave × guemensis D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave guiengola Gentry
Agave gutierreziana Trel.
Agave gypsophila Gentry
Agave harrisii Trel.
Agave havardiana Trel.
Agave henriquesii Baker
Agave hiemiflora Gentry
Agave hookeri Jacobi
Agave horizontalis Jacobi
Agave horrida Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave humboldtiana Jacobi
Agave hurteri Trel.
Agave impressa Gentry
Agave inaequidens K.Koch
Agave inaguensis Trel.
Agave indagatorum Trel.
Agave intermixta Trel.
Agave isthmensis A.García-Mend. & F.Palma
Agave jaiboli Gentry
Agave jarucoensis A.Álvarez
Agave karatto Mill.
Agave karwinskii Zucc.
Agave kellermaniana Trel.
Agave kerchovei Lem.
Agave kewensis Jacobi
Agave lagunae Trel.
Agave laticincta Verschaff.
Agave lechuguilla Torr.
Agave lemairei Verschaff.
Agave lempana Trel.
Agave lindleyi Jacobi
Agave littaeaoides Pamp.
Agave longipes Trel.
Agave longisepala Tod.
Agave macroacantha Zucc.
Agave mapisaga Trel.
Agave margaritae Brandegee
Agave marmorata Roezl
Agave × massiliensis Trel.
Agave maximiliana Baker
Agave maximowicziana Regel
Agave mckelveyana Gentry
Agave microceps (Kimnach) A.Vázquez & Cházaro
Agave millspaughii Trel.
Agave minarum Trel.
Agave minor Proctor
Agave missionum Trel.
Agave mitis Mart.
Agave monostachya Sessé & Moc.
Agave montana Villarreal
Agave montium-sancticaroli García-Mend.
Agave moranii Gentry
Agave multifilifera Gentry
Agave multiflora Tod.
Agave murpheyi Gibson
Agave nashii Trel.
Agave nayaritensis Gentry
Agave neglecta Small
Agave nickelsii Rol.-Goss.
Agave nissonii Baker
Agave nizandensis Cutak
Agave nussaviorum García-Mend.
Agave obscura Schiede ex Schltdl.
Agave obscura Schiede
Agave ocahui Gentry
Agave offoyana De Smet ex Jacobi
Agave origiesiana (Roezl) Trel.
Agave ornithobroma Gentry
Agave oroensis Gentry
Agave ortgiesiana (Baker) Trel.
Agave ovatifolia G.D.Starr & Villarreal
Agave pachycentra Trel.
Agave pallida Sartorius ex Jacobi
Agave palmeri Engelm.
Agave pampaniniana A.Berger
Agave papyrocarpa Trel.
Agave parrasana A.Berger
Agave parryi Engelm.
Agave parvidentata Trel.
Agave parviflora Torr. 小花龙舌兰
Agave paupera A.Berger
Agave pavoliniana Pamp.
Agave peacockii Croucher
Agave pelona Gentry
Agave pendula Schnittsp.
Agave petiolata Trel.
Agave pe phila A.García-Mend. & E.Martínez
Agave phillipsiana W.C. odgs.
Agave pintilla S.González, M.González & L.Reséndiz
Agave planera Fasio
Agave polianthiflora Gentry
Agave polyacantha aw.
Agave potatorum Zucc.
Agave potreriana Trel.
Agave promontorii Trel.
Agave prostrata Mart. ex Dragendorff
Agave pulcherrima Otto
Agave pulverulenta Verschaff.
Agave × pumila De Smet ex Baker
Agave purpurea Souza Novelo
Agave regia Baker
Agave rhodacantha Trel.
Agave × romani Baker
Agave × rossellonensis D.Guillot & P.Van der Meer
Agave rovelliana Tod.
Agave rudis Lem. ex Jacobi
Agave rutteniae ummelinck
Agave rzedowskiana P.Carrillo, Vega & R.Delgad.
Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck
Agave scaposa Gentry
Agave schidigera Lem.
Agave schmithiana Jacobi
Agave schneideriana A.Berger
Agave schottii Engelm.
Agave sebastiana Greene
Agave seemanniana Jacobi
Agave shaferi Trel.
Agave shawii Engelm.
Agave shrevei Gentry
Agave simonii Andr.
Agave sisalana Perrine
Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm.
Agave smithiana Jacobi
Agave sobolifera outt.
Agave sobria Brandegee
Agave sordida A.Berger
Agave spicata Cav.
Agave striata Zucc.
Agave stricta Salm-Dyck
Agave stringens Trel.
Agave subinermis M.Roem.
Agave subsimplex Trel.
Agave × taylorea auct.
Agave tecta Trel.
Agave tenuifolia Zamudio & E.Sánchez
Agave teoxamulina Karw. ex M. Roem.
Agave tequilana F.A.C.Weber
Agave thomasiae Trel.
Agave thomsoniana Jacobi
Agave titanota Gentry
Agave toumeyana Trel.
Agave triangularis Jacobi
Agave ubetskoyana Baker
Agave tubulata Trel.
Agave turneri R. .Webb & Salazar-Ceseña
Agave underwoodii Trel.
Agave univittata aw.
Agave utahensis Engelm.
Agave valenciana Cházaro & A.Vázquez
Agave vandervinnenii Lem.
Agave vanderwinneni Jacobi
Agave vazquezgarciae Cházaro & J.A.Lomelí
Agave vera-cruz Mill.
Agave vicina Trel.
Agave victoriae-reginae T.Moore
Agave × villare André
Agave vilmoriniana A.Berger
Agave viridissima Baker
Agave vivipara L.
Agave vizcainoensis Gentry
Agave wallisii Jacobi
Agave warelliana Baker
Agave washingtonensis Baker & Rose
Agave watsonii J.R.Drumm. & C. .Wright
Agave weberi J.F.Cels ex J.Poiss.
Agave wendtii Cházaro
Agave wercklei F.A.C.Weber ex Wercklé
Agave wiesenbergensis Wittm.
Agave wildingii Tod.
Agave × winteriana A.Berger
Agave wocomahi Gentry
Agave woodrowii W.Watson
Agave xylonacantha Salm-Dyck
Agave yuccifolia DC. ex Redouté
Agave zebra Gentry
主要价值本属植物经济价值较大,有些种类的纤维通称龙舌兰麻类,是世界著名的纤维植物之一;有些种类还含有甾体皂苷元,是生产甾体激素药物的重要原料;另一些种类栽培供观赏。叶内的纤维为硬质纤维之一,强韧耐腐,可编绳索和大缆,适为航海用。在我国引入的三种中,剑麻的品质最良,拉力大,次为龙舌兰。
本词条内容贡献者为:
赵丹宁 - 教授 - 中国林科院林业所